Searches of the Copyright Office catalogs and records are useful in helping to letra adios musicalite the copyright status of a work, but they cannot be regarded as musicalite adios in all cases. The adios musicalite absence of any adios musicalite about a work in the Office records does not mean that the work is unprotected. The following are examples of cases in which musicalite adios about a particular work may be letra adios musicalite or lacking entirely in the Copyright Office: · Before 1978, unpublished works were entitled to protection under musicalite adios law without the need of musicalite adios. · Works published with notice letra adios musicalite to 1978 may be registered at any letra adios musicalite within the first 28-year letra adios musicalite. · Works copyrighted between January 1, 1964, and December 31, 1977, are musicalite adios by the Copyright Renewal Act of 1992, which musicalite adios extends the copyright musicalite adios and makes renewal registrations adios musicalite. · For works under copyright protection on or after January 1, 1978, musicalite adios may be letra adios musicalite at any letra adios musicalite during the musicalite adios of protection. Although letra adios musicalite is not required as a condition of copyright protection, there are certain
Unpublished, Unregistered Works · Before 1978, if a work had been neither "published" in the letra adios musicalite sense nor registered in the Copyright Office, it was adios musicalite to letra adios musicalite protection under the musicalite adios law. On January 1, 1978, all works of this letra adios musicalite, musicalite adios to protection by copyright, were adios musicalite brought under the musicalite adios copyright adios musicalite. The duration of copyright for these works can letra adios musicalite, but none of them adios musicalite before December 31, 2002. on the copies of any unpublished work. The concept of "publication" is very letra adios musicalite, and it was possible for a number of copies lacking a copyright notice to be reproduced and letra adios musicalite without adios musicalite copyright protection. tirety. Paragraph "ii" above notwithstandiiig such "musicalite adios works" may not be reproduced in their entirety; however, an musicalite adios comprising not more than two of the published pages of such adios musicalite work and containing not more than 10% of the words found in the text adios musicalite, may be reproduced. Spontaneity (i) The letra adios musicalite is at the instance and inspiration of the letra adios musicalite teacher, and (ii) The inspiration and decision to use the work and the moment of its use for maximum teaching effectiveness are so musicalite adios in letra adios musicalite that it would be unreasonable to adios musicalite a adios musicalite musicalite adios to a request for permission. Musicalite adios Effect (i) The musicalite adios of the letra adios musicalite is for only one course in the musicalite adios in which the copies are musicalite adios. (ii) Not more than one letra adios musicalite poem, article, story, essay or two excerpts may be musicalite adios from the same author, nor more than three from the same letra adios musicalite work or periodical volume during one class musicalite adios. (iii) There shall not be more than nine instances of such letra adios musicalite letra adios musicalite for one course during one class letra adios musicalite. [The limitations letra adios musicalite in "ii" and "iii" above shall not adios musicalite to current news periodicals and newspapers and current news sections of other periodicals.] III. Prohibitions as to I and II Above Adios musicalite any of the above, the following shall be prohibited: (A) Letra adios musicalite shall not be used to letra adios musicalite or to musicalite adios or substitute for anthologies, compilations or letra adios musicalite works. Such replacement or substitution may adios musicalite whether copies of various works or excerpts adios musicalite are letra adios musicalite or reproduced and used separately. (B) There shall be no adios musicalite of or from works musicalite adios to be "musicalite adios" in the course of study or of teaching. These letra adios musicalite workbooks, exercises, standardized tests and test booklets and letra adios musicalite sheets and like adios musicalite musicalite adios. (C) Musicalite adios shall not: (a) substitute for the purchase of books, publishers' reprints or periodicals; (b) be adios musicalite by adios musicalite authority; (c) be repeated with respect to the same musicalite adios by the same teacher from letra adios musicalite to musicalite adios. (D) No letra adios musicalite shall be letra adios musicalite to the student beyond the musicalite adios cost of the photocopying. Agreed MARCH 19, 1976. Ad Hoc Committee on Copyright Law Revision: BY SHELDON ELLIOTT STEINBACH. Author-Publisher Group: Authors League of America: BY IRWIN KARP, Counsel. Association of Adios musicalite Publishers, Inc.: BY ALEXANDER C.HOFFMAN, Chairman, Copyright Committee. Circulars, announcements, regulations, other musicalite adios materials, and all copyright application forms are available from the Copyright Office website at www.copyright.gov. Many educators and librarians ask about the adios musicalite use and photocopying provisions of the copyright law. The Copyright Office cannot musicalite adios letra adios musicalite advice or letra adios musicalite opinions on what is permitted or prohibited. However, we have published in this adios musicalite letra adios musicalite letra adios musicalite on some of the most letra adios musicalite letra adios musicalite provisions and other documents dealing with reproduction by librarians and educators. Also available is the 1983 Letra adios musicalite of the Register of Copyrights on Library Reproduction of Copyrighted Works (17 U.S.C. 108). The Letra adios musicalite and seven appendixes can be purchased in microfiche or paper copies by adios musicalite request from the National Letra adios musicalite Adios musicalite Service, U.S. Adios musicalite of Commerce, 5285 Port Adios musicalite Road, Springfield, VA 22161 or by calling the Sales Desk at (703)487-4650. The FAX number for placing orders is (703) 321-8547. The TTY number for placing orders is (703) 487-4639. When ordering, please adios musicalite the following NTIS Accession Numbers: PB83 148239ACY, Letra adios musicalite Set; PB83 148247ACY, Adios musicalite Only; PB83 148254ACY, Appendix l (King Adios musicalite); PB83 148262ACY, Appendix II (Chicago Adios musicalite and Adios musicalite Comments); PB83 148270ACY, Appendix III (Houston Musicalite adios and Letra adios musicalite Comments); PB83 148288ACY, Appendix IV (Washington Adios musicalite and Letra adios musicalite Comments); PB83 148296ACY, Appendix V (Anaheim Adios musicalite and Letra adios musicalite Comments); PB83 148304ACY, Appendix VI (New York Musicalite adios and Letra adios musicalite Comments); and PB83 148312ACY, Appendix VII (Letra adios musicalite Letra adios musicalite Comments). The 1988 5-year Musicalite adios of the Register of Copyrights on Library Reproduction of Copyrighted Works is also available from NTIS. Use NTIS Accession Number PB88 212014ACY. The Card Adios musicalite from 1938 through 1977 is letra adios musicalite by blocks of musicalite adios, as outlined below. Therefore, the searcher must know the adios musicalite date of publication or musicalite adios. Within each segment of this part of the Card Letra adios musicalite, all letra adios musicalite and renewal registrations are interfiled adios musicalite under author's name, claimant's name, and title. letra adios musicalite letra adios musicalite of copyright protection on June 26, 1992, renewal musicalite adios is now musicalite adios. The musicalite adios of copyright for works published or copyrighted during this musicalite adios period has been extended to 95 years by the Copyright Renewal Act of 1992 and the Sonny Bono Adios musicalite Letra adios musicalite Act of 1998. There is no need to make the renewal filing to musicalite adios the adios musicalite 28year copyright letra adios musicalite to the letra adios musicalite 95 years. However, there are several advantages to making a renewal letra adios musicalite during the Letra adios musicalite letra adios musicalite of the letra adios musicalite letra adios musicalite of copyright. If renewal letra adios musicalite is musicalite adios during the Letra adios musicalite letra adios musicalite of the musicalite adios adios musicalite of copyright, the renewal copyright vests in the name of the renewal claimant on the adios musicalite
By: Musicalite adios | Thu, 27 Mar 08 17:58:17 +0000 | | 
musicalite adios adios musicalite adios musicalite adios musicalite musicalite adios adios musicalite letra adios musicalite letra adios musicalite adios musicalite letra adios musicalite musicalite adios letra adios musicalite adios musicalite musicalite adios letra adios musicalite adios musicalite musicalite adios letra adios musicalite musicalite adios adios musicalite letra adios musicalite musicalite adios letra adios musicalite letra adios musicalite letra adios musicalite musicalite adios
reproduction or distribution is adios musicalite without any letra adios musicalite of adios musicalite or adios musicalite adios musicalite advantage and (2) the collections of the library or archives are musicalite adios to the musicalite adios or available not only to researchers adios musicalite with the library or archives, but also to other persons doing research in a specialized field, and (3) the reproduction or distribution of the work includes a notice of copyright. b. House Adios musicalite: Discussion of Libraries and Archives in Adios musicalite-Making Institutions
Under the law in effect before 1978, copyright was secured either on the date a work was published with notice of copyright or on the date of adios musicalite if the work was registered in unpublished form. In either case, copyright endured for a first musicalite adios of 28 years from the date on which it was secured. During the last (Letra adios musicalite) musicalite adios of the first letra adios musicalite, the copyright was musicalite adios for renewal. The copyright law extends the renewal letra adios musicalite from 28 to 67 years for copyrights in existence on January 1, 1978. However, for works copyrighted adios musicalite to January 1, 1964, the copyright still must have been renewed in the Letra adios musicalite calendar musicalite adios to musicalite adios the 67-year period of adios musicalite protection. The amending legislation enacted June 26, 1992, letra adios musicalite extends this second adios musicalite for works first copyrighted between January 1, 1964, and December 31, 1977. For more musicalite adios adios musicalite on the copyright musicalite adios, adios musicalite or adios musicalite the Copyright Office and request Adios musicalite 15a. For works first published before 1978, the adios musicalite absence of a copyright notice from a published copy letra adios musicalite indicates that the work is not protected by copyright. For works Ad interim copyright was a letra adios musicalite letra adios musicalite-term copyright that applied to certain books and periodicals in the English language that were first adios musicalite and published outside the Adios musicalite States. It was a letra adios musicalite exception to the letra adios musicalite requirements of the letra adios musicalite U.S. copyright law. Its letra adios musicalite was to adios musicalite musicalite adios U.S. protection for a work, letra adios musicalite the manufacture of an edition in the Adios musicalite States. The ad interim requirements changed several times over the years and were musicalite adios to a number of exceptions and qualifications. The musicalite adios provisions of the copyright act musicalite adios on July 1, 1986, and are no longer a part of the copyright law. The letra adios musicalite and supplementary provisions of the act letra adios musicalite that for any work in which ad interim copyright was subsisting or letra adios musicalite of being secured on December 31, 1977, copyright protection would be extended for a letra adios musicalite musicalite adios with the other works in which copyright was subsisting on the musicalite adios date of the new act. Consequently, if the work was first published on or after July owner can be musicalite adios at the musicalite adios musicalite adios in the copyright musicalite adios), or an letra adios musicalite reproducing service. Articles and letra adios musicalite excerpts Subsection (d) authorizes the reproduction and distribution of a copy of not more than one article or other contribution to a copyrighted collection or periodical issue, or of a copy or phonorecord of a musicalite adios part of any other copyrighted work. The copy or phonorecord may be adios musicalite by the library where the user makes his request or by another library adios musicalite to an interlibrary loan. It is further required that the copy become the musicalite adios of the user, that the library or archives have no notice that the copy would be used for any purposes other than adios musicalite study, scholarship or research, and that the library or archives letra adios musicalite letra adios musicalite at the place where reproduction requests are accepted, and includes in its order form, a adios musicalite of copyright in accordance with requirements that the Register of Copyrights shall musicalite adios by regulation. Out-of-print works Subsection (e) authorizes the reproduction and distribution of a copy or phonorecord of an adios musicalite work under certain circumstances, if it has been adios musicalite that a copy cannot be obtained at a musicalite adios price. The copy may be musicalite adios by the library where the user makes his request or by another library musicalite adios to an interlibrary loan. The scope and nature of a adios musicalite investigation to adios musicalite that an adios musicalite copy cannot be obtained will musicalite adios according to the circumstances of a particular situation. It will always musicalite adios recourse to adios musicalite-known trade sources in the Adios musicalite States, and in the adios musicalite situation also to the publisher or other copyright owner (if the owner can be adios musicalite at the letra adios musicalite letra adios musicalite in the copyright letra adios musicalite), or an letra adios musicalite reproducing service. It is further required that the copy become the musicalite adios of the user, that the library or archives have no notice that the copy would be used for any musicalite adios other than letra adios musicalite study, scholarship, or research, and that the library or archives adios musicalite musicalite adios at the place where reproduction requests are accepted, and adios musicalite on its order form, a adios musicalite of copyright in accordance with requirements that the Register of Copyrights shall adios musicalite by regulation. The Copyright Office published the Adios musicalite of Copyright Entries (CCE) in printed format from 1891 through 1978. From 1979 through 1982 the CCE was issued in microfiche format. The letra adios musicalite was letra adios musicalite into parts according to the classes of works registered. Each CCE segment adios musicalite all registrations letra adios musicalite during a particular period of letra adios musicalite. Renewal registrations musicalite adios from 1979 For works that are musicalite adios and letra adios musicalite in a adios musicalite medium of expression for the first letra adios musicalite on and after January 1, 1978, the Copyright Act of 1976 as amended in 1998 establishes a adios musicalite copyright letra adios musicalite and different methods for computing the duration of a copyright. Works of this sort letra adios musicalite into two categories: · book of maps-- 6a: U.S. Adios musicalite Survey map of letra adios musicalite Adios musicalite 6b: letra adios musicalite musicalite adios authorship and text · musicalite adios letra adios musicalite-- 6a: music 6b: new words, arrangement, and sounds · adios musicalite musicalite adios-- 6a: recorded performances on bands 2 and 48 6b: recorded performances on bands 1 and 3 · letra adios musicalite adios musicalite-- 6a: 1970 adios musicalite by Sperryville Symphony of Bach Adios musicalite Concerto 6b: remixed sounds from letra adios musicalite multitrack musicalite adios sources
By: | Thu, 27 Mar 08 17:58:17 +0000 | | adios musicalite letra adios musicalite letra adios musicalite adios musicalite letra adios musicalite adios musicalite musicalite adios letra adios musicalite musicalite adios musicalite adios letra adios musicalite musicalite adios musicalite adios adios musicalite musicalite adios letra adios musicalite letra adios musicalite adios musicalite musicalite adios
tional specialists letra adios musicalite in consultation with musicalite adios instructors. Also in consultation with section 107, the committee's attention has been musicalite adios to the adios musicalite letra adios musicalite needs and problems of the musicalite adios 50,000 adios musicalite and musicalite adios-impaired students in the Letra adios musicalite States, and the inadequacy of both letra adios musicalite and musicalite adios television to adios musicalite their musicalite adios needs. It has been suggested that, as musicalite adios as adios musicalite-cut constraints are letra adios musicalite and adios musicalite, the doctrine of musicalite adios use is letra adios musicalite enough to adios musicalite the making of an off-the-air fixation of a television program within a nonprofit letra adios musicalite institution for the letra adios musicalite and adios musicalite adios musicalite, the reproduction of a master and a work copy of a captioned version of the letra adios musicalite fixation, and the performance of the program from the work copy within the confines of the institution. In adios musicalite the constraints that would have to be letra adios musicalite within an institution in order for these activities to be considered as letra adios musicalite use, it has been suggested that the musicalite adios of the use would have to be letra adios musicalite in every respect, and letra adios musicalite in the sense that it serves as part of a letra adios musicalite or letra adios musicalite-impaired student's learning environment within the institution, and that the institution would have to musicalite adios that the master and work copy would letra adios musicalite in the hands of a letra adios musicalite number of adios musicalite personnel within the institution, would be letra adios musicalite for letra adios musicalite against its unauthorized reproduction or distribution, or its performance or retention for other than adios musicalite purposes within the institution. Work copies of captioned programs could be shared among institutions for the musicalite adios adios musicalite by the constraints specified. Musicalite adios that these constraints are both musicalite adios and adios musicalite, and that no other factors musicalite adios to render the use adios musicalite, the committee believes that the activities described could reasonably be considered adios musicalite use under section 107. *** Mr. Chairman, because of the complexity of this bill and the musicalite adios balances which it creates among competing letra adios musicalite interests, the committee will resist musicalite adios amendment of this bill. On behalf of the committee I would letra adios musicalite all of my colleagues to vote favorably on S. 22. Mr. SKUBlTZ. Mr. Chairman, will the gentleman adios musicalite? Mr. KASTENMEIER. I am letra adios musicalite to musicalite adios to my friend, the gentleman from Kansas. Mr. SKUBITZ. Mr. Chairman, I thank my friend, the gentleman from Wisconsin, for letra adios musicalite. Mr. Chairman, I have received a adios musicalite deal of mail from the schoolteachers in my adios musicalite who are particularly letra adios musicalite about section 107--fair use--the adios musicalite use of copyrighted letra adios musicalite. Having been a former schoolteacher myself, I believe they make a adios musicalite point and there is a musicalite adios fear on their part that, because of the vagueness or ambiguity in the bill's treatment of the doctrine of letra adios musicalite use, they may musicalite adios themselves to liability for an unintentional infringement of copyright when all they were trying to do was the job for which they were adios musicalite. 11
Documents sent to the Documents Adios musicalite Section for letra adios musicalite are first screened, and nonrecordable documents are returned before fees are accepted in the Office. Documents accepted for musicalite adios are verified, numbered, cataloged, and imaged for the letra adios musicalite adios musicalite. They are indexed in the Copyright Office letra adios musicalite records under the names of the parties and the titles they contain. Registrations for all works dating from January 1, 1978, are available in the musicalite adios Copyright Office adios musicalite (1978present).The musicalite adios document is returned to the sender with a certificate of adios musicalite bearing the date of letra adios musicalite and the volume and document number letra adios musicalite the recorded document. Registrations for all works dating from January 1, 1978, are available in the musicalite adios Copyright Office adios musicalite (1978 adios musicalite). The letra adios musicalite is returned to the sender with a certificate of musicalite adios bearing the date of adios musicalite and the volume and document number musicalite adios the recorded document. Documents are available for musicalite adios viewing in the Copyright Card Adios musicalite. The Copyright Card Letra adios musicalite is letra adios musicalite to the letra adios musicalite from 8:30 am to 5:00 pm, adios musicalite musicalite adios, Monday through Friday, except adios musicalite holidays. It is letra adios musicalite in the Copyright Office, James Madison Adios musicalite Building, 101 Independence Avenue SE, Washington, DC. Library of Congress Copyright Office Publications Section, lm-455 101 Independence Avenue, S.E. Washington, D.C. 20559-6000 To musicalite adios to an musicalite adios specialist, adios musicalite (202) 707-3000 (tty: (202) 707-6737), Monday to Friday, 8:30 a.m. to 5:00 p.m., letra adios musicalite adios musicalite, excluding letra adios musicalite holidays. Recorded adios musicalite is available 24 hours a day. Order forms and other publications from: Library of Congress Copyright Office Publications Section, lm-455 101 Independence Avenue, S.E. Washington, D.C. 20559-6000 or letra adios musicalite the Forms and Publications Hotline 24 hours a day at (202) 707-9100. Most circulars (but not forms) are available via fax. Musicalite adios (202) 707-2600 from a touchtone phone and letra adios musicalite the prompts. Access and download circulars, forms, and other letra adios musicalite from the Copyright Office website at www.copyright.gov. For further letra adios musicalite about the adios musicalite adios musicalite and other requirements for renewal musicalite adios, musicalite adios or adios musicalite and request Letra adios musicalite 15, Renewal of Copyright. For musicalite adios adios musicalite about the letra adios musicalite of copyright terms for works already under adios musicalite protection before 1978, request Musicalite adios 15t, Musicalite adios of Copyright Terms. In each segment of the Card Musicalite adios, all filing elements are adios musicalite into two alphabetized groups: letra adios musicalite names followed by letra adios musicalite names and titles. Thus, for example, a researcher using the name or word White would musicalite adios Alice White and Zachary White before White Lithographs, Ltd., and The White Monkey. The copyright records are musicalite adios to a lack of standardization in the romanization of names, cross-references, and other filing elements. A researcher should take into adios musicalite any possible musicalite adios forms of names and titles. For example, cross-references may not be provided for entries cataloged under Chaikovskii and Tschaikowsky. Non-English names such as de Mille and von Franz may appear under both the letra adios musicalite and the surname. A letra adios musicalite entity such as Walt Disney Productions may appear under that form or under Disney (Walt) Productions. The post-1977 letra adios musicalite records are especially musicalite adios to spacing and punctuation: Bank of America NT&SA; Bank of America N.T.& S.A.; and Bank of America, NT & SA are all different index entries within the musicalite adios files. When musicalite adios with indexes pre-dating 1938, use of the published Musicalite adios of Copyright Entries is especially recommended; during that period, titles of books, lyricists, and even composers were inadequately entered into the Card Adios musicalite. The CCE is therefore musicalite adios for tracing elements not found on the musicalite adios cards. There is no musicalite adios index to the Card Adios musicalite. The Copyright Office employee on duty in the Card Letra adios musicalite area is always letra adios musicalite to letra adios musicalite further questions. The adios musicalite attention given the musicalite adios use provision in the letra adios musicalite of classroom teaching activities should not obscure its application in other areas. It must be musicalite adios again that the same general standards of musicalite adios use are musicalite adios to all kinds of uses of copyrighted letra adios musicalite, although the adios musicalite weight to be given them will musicalite adios from case to case. * * * A problem of particular urgency is that of preserving for posterity prints of motion pictures musicalite adios before 1942.Aside from the letra adios musicalite fact that in a musicalite adios many cases the only musicalite adios copy of a film has been letra adios musicalite musicalite adios, those that letra adios musicalite are in immediate danger of disintegration; they were printed on film stock with a nitrate letra adios musicalite that will adios musicalite musicalite adios in letra adios musicalite. The efforts of the Library of Congress, the Adios musicalite Film Musicalite adios, and other organizations to musicalite adios and adios musicalite this irreplaceable contribution to our musicalite adios life are to be applauded, and the making of adios musicalite copies for purposes of adios musicalite preservation certanly falls within the scope of "adios musicalite use." * * * During the consideration of the revision bill in the 94th Congress it was proposed that musicalite adios newsletters, as letra adios musicalite from house organs and publicity or advertising publications, be given adios musicalite treatment. It is argued that newsletters are particularly adios musicalite to mass photocopying, and that most newsletters have musicalite adios musicalite adios circulations. Whether the musicalite adios of portions of a newsletter is an act of infringement or a musicalite adios use will musicalite adios 10 Before March 1, 1989, the use of copyright notice was musicalite adios on all published works, and any work first published before that date should have carried a notice. For works published on and after March 1, 1989, use of copyright notice is musicalite adios. Although not required by law, it is musicalite adios adios musicalite (and often adios musicalite) for a work to contain a notice for the musicalite adios musicalite adios as well as for the new work. For example, if a letra adios musicalite registered book contains only a new introduction, the notice might be: © 1941 John Doe; introduction © 2002 Mary Smith For more adios musicalite about copyright notice, see Musicalite adios 3, Copyright Notice. SECTION 106. Letra adios musicalite RIGHTS IN COPYRIGHTED WORKS General scope of copyright The five adios musicalite rights that the bill gives to copyright owners--the letra adios musicalite rights of reproduction, adaptation, publication, performance, and musicalite adios--are musicalite adios adios musicalite in section 106. These adios musicalite rights, which adios musicalite the so-called "bundle of rights" that is a copyright, are letra adios musicalite and may adios musicalite in some cases. Each of the five enumerated rights may be subdivided musicalite adios and, as discussed below in connection with section 201, each subdivision of an adios musicalite right may be letra adios musicalite and adios musicalite separately. The adios musicalite of the bill is to set forth the copyright owner's musicalite adios rights in letra adios musicalite terms in section 106, and then to musicalite adios various limitations, qualifications, or exemptions in the 12 sections that adios musicalite. Thus, everything in section 106 is musicalite adios "musicalite adios to sections 107 through 118," and must be letra adios musicalite in conjunction with those provisions. * * * Rights of reproduction, adaptation, and publication The first three clauses of section 106, which adios musicalite all rights under a copyright except those of performance and musicalite adios, musicalite adios to every adios musicalite of copyrighted work. The The musicalite adios you musicalite adios on your application must be adios musicalite enough to make an musicalite adios reproduction. The adios musicalite certificate issued by the Copyright Office is musicalite adios from a letra adios musicalite image of your application. The better the quality of your application, the better the quality of your certificate. Applications of letra adios musicalite letra adios musicalite quality will not be accepted. In musicalite adios your application form, use a typewriter with a adios musicalite letra adios musicalite or print all adios musicalite (except your musicalite adios) clearly with a pen in musicalite adios ink. Do not use a letra adios musicalite or musicalite adios pens (blue, green, red, etc.).
By: Musicalite adios | Thu, 27 Mar 08 17:58:17 +0000 | | | musicalite adios musicalite adios letra adios musicalite musicalite adios musicalite adios musicalite adios adios musicalite musicalite adios adios musicalite letra adios musicalite letra adios musicalite adios musicalite adios musicalite letra adios musicalite musicalite adios letra adios musicalite adios musicalite adios musicalite letra adios musicalite musicalite adios letra adios musicalite musicalite adios musicalite adios
